贱人有两种，聪明的和愚蠢的，他们对“友情链接”的态度有差别，比如：愚蠢的贱人会挑明，“要和我做友情链接，你的PR至少要根我的一样”，而聪明的贱人则不会这样。

当然，聪明的贱人并不是不在乎对方的PR，他们也俗气，也在乎，只不过表现得不那么让人讨厌罢了。他们首先不会要求对方的PR不能比自己低，但却也很不愿意为比自己的PR低的站点做链接，往往他们会找一些可以接受的借口委婉地拒绝掉——所谓“委婉”，就是不提PR、流量、ALEXA排名这种“硬指标”，而从“软素质”入手，常用的是相关性，这样不伤对方的面子，不得罪人。

但是这些聪明的贱人并不会善罢甘休，他们需要高PR的链接，主动出击被他们视作王道。可是，他们又凭什么让别人PR n的站点给他自己PR n-2的站点做链接呢？这个时候，GOOGLE网页目录就成为了这些聪明的贱人们淘金的必备武器。怎么淘？

GOOGLE网页目录是要输出PR的，而PR实际上并非是整数，只不过取整后显示出来而已。而GOOGLE的网页目录是可以按PR排序的！于是乎，聪明的贱人如果PR是4，他就可以找PR是4的那部分站点中，排名靠前的站点做友情链接。大家都是4，做链接比较容易，但排名靠前的可能是4.8/4.9，下一次更新很容易就上5了，你说那个聪明的贱人是不是沾光？同理，脸皮厚的PR4，还可以去找PR5排名靠前的，过段时间就得到一个PR6的反向链接了。你说这些贱人聪明不聪明？

当然，这只是聪明的贱人众多小聪明之一！其它的，以后咱有机会再慢慢说。（估计机会不大，做点别的，可不想介绍太多的贱招，会被李同学耻笑的。）

强调：俺的心理就是扭曲了，怎么样？你PR高你了不起？你就可以F**K THE SKY了？那些愚蠢的贱人，俺就是看不顺眼。愚蠢可以，悄悄愚蠢吧，别拿出来卖傻啊？这不是找抽嘛？而对于聪明的贱人，掩藏得好，我也看不出来，倒也OK。我自己就是贱人，IQ/EQ都低，但也别把我归到愚蠢的那一类，我IQ/EQ再低也比他们高几个数量级，谢谢！
PS：虽然我是贱人，但也绝对不在PR方面耍贱，丢不起那个脸。

如果你认为人贱有理，请做一个聪明的贱人吧！别污了咱的眼，恶了咱的胃，堵了咱的胸，咱还想多活几年呢，谢谢啦！

完毕，收工。

好消息，Estyle(靳田≌李薇)的PR更新，如果不出意外的话，将从2涨到3了！你问我是怎么知道的？请看图：



前几天我还查过，PR是2。刚才一查，发现左边的绿条长了一点，仔细一看，应该是3没错。叫我怎么不高兴？普天同庆！

看来，被DMOZ收录，果然是有好处的，至少可以提前知道PR是涨是跌！哈哈。话虽如此，还是要强调：一切皆虚幻，PR是浮云……

此文根据ACCA新大纲Pilot Paper的第二题参考答案所写，若我的理解有误，敬请指正为谢。

Contractual terms, are statements which form part of contract. Parties to a contract will be bound to perform any promise agreed and contracted, failure to perform will lead to breach of contract. Some statements do not form part of a contract, these pre-contractual statements are called representations. Misrepresentation is not an action for breach of contract, and leads to different remedies. It's important to decide precisely what promises are included in the contract. Once it is decided, it's further necessary to decide which type of term it is, in order to determine what remedies are available for its breach.
合同条款，是构成合同的陈述。参与合同的双方必须要执行合同规定的承诺，否则就将违约。有一些陈述并不会构成合同，这些合同前的陈述被称为“解释”。未准确履行解释并不会构成违约，对此的赔偿也和违约的情况不同。精确地确定哪些承诺要被包括在合同中是很重要的，一旦确定下来，就需要确定这些合同条款各是什么类型，这样才能确定违反各合同条款所对应的赔偿责任和索赔权利。

Terms can be classified as one of three types.
合同条款可以被分为三类。

1, Conditions. A condition is a fundamental part of the agreement. Breach of condition gives the injured party the right either to terminate the contract and refuse to perform their part of it, or to go through with the agreement and sue for damages, the classic case is Poussard v Spiers & Pond(1876).
条件。条件是协议的基本组成部分。违反条件的情况下，无辜方有权终止合同，或者继续履行合同并对其遭受的损失要求赔偿，典型的案例是Poussard v Spiers & Pond(1876)。

2, Warranties. A warranty is a subsidiary obligation which is not vital to the overall agreement, and failure to perform a warranty does not totally destroy the contract. Breach of warranty does not give the right to terminate the agreement, the injured party has to complete their part of contract, and can only sue for damages. The classic case is Bettini v Gye(1876).
保证。保证是合同的补充义务，但对总体合同并非至关重要，未准确履行保证并不会使合同失效。违反保证的情况发生后，合同不能被终止，无辜方必须继续履行合同，但可以起诉并要求赔偿，典型的案例是Bettini v Gye(1876)。

3, Innominate terms. In this case, it's difficult to decide whether the term breached is a condition or a warranty, the remedy depends on the consequence of the breach. If the breach deprives the innocent party of 'substantially the whole benefit of the contract', then the right to repudiate will be permitted, even if the term seems to be a mere warranty. If the innocent party does not lose its 'substantially the whole benefit of the contract', then they will not be permitted to repudiate but muse settle for damages, even if the terms seems to be a condition. The classic case is Cehave v Brener(1976).
未明条款。在这种情况下，很难辨别被违背的条款是条件还是保证，对无辜方的赔偿依赖于违背此条款所导致的后果。如果违背此条款剥夺了无辜方的重大合同收益，则无辜方将有权终止合同，哪怕这个条款看起来仅仅像一条保证。如果无辜方并未失去合同带来的重大收益，则不能终止合同，但可以要求赔偿，哪怕着个条款看起来更像一个条件。典型的案例是Cehave v Brener(1976)。 

此文根据ACCA新大纲Pilot Paper的第一题参考答案所写，若我的理解有误，敬请指正为谢。

Delegated legislation has the following advantages:
委任立法有以下优点：

1, Time-saving. Delegated legislation can be introduced quickly, and it also saves Parliamentary time by leaving the appropriate minister or body to establish the detail under their authority.
节约时间。为人立法可以迅速被引入，而且还可以通过让适合的大臣或团体来确定法案细节来节约议会的时间。

2, Access the expertise. The members of parliament do not have enough expertise to consider detail provisions in some highly specialised and technical area. So the delegated legislation works effectively.
专业知识。议会成员往往不具备某些特殊和技术领域的足够的专业知识以考虑法律条文的细节，委任立法则更有效。

3, Flexibility. Delegated legislation permits ministers to focus on an ad hoc problems as and when they arise.
灵活性。委任立法允许大臣们更及时地关注不寻常的问题。

There're some disvantages:
也有一些缺点：

1, Accountability. In use of delegated legislation, the actual source of statute law is not the Parliament, but the person or body who was delegated the power to produce the detail provisions. As a consequence, to a degree, delegated legislation gives more power than might be thought appropriate to such un-elected individuals.
责任。委任立法的实际法律渊源并非议会，而是制定细节条文的个人或者团体。因而，在一定程度上，委任立法给了一些非选举产生的人过多的权利。

2, Bulk. Too many acts introduced through delegated legislation, both the Members of Parliament and the general public are difficult keeping abreast of them.
巨量。大量的法案通过委任立法引入，议会成员和公共大众都很难与时俱进。

A least to a degree, the shortcomings would be mitigated by the fact that the courts have the ability to oversee and challenge such laws.
至少在一定程度上，法院有能力监督和质疑这些法律以缓解这些缺点所带来的问题。

Parliamentary control of delegated legislation.
委任立法的议会控制。

Since 1973, there has been a Joint Select Committee on Statutory Instruments, its function is to scrutinise all statutory instruments.The House of Commons has its own Select Committee on Statutory Instruments which is appointed to consider all statutory instruments laid only before the House of Commons.The latter is nor empowered to consider the mirits of any statutory instrument or the policy behind it, but the former is.
从1973年开始，就有了一个法令工具联合选择委员会。它的功能是监察所有的法令工具。众议院有其自己的法令工具选择委员会，该委员会只关注提交到众议院的法令工具。后者不能考虑法令工具的价值其其后的政策，但前者可以。

Judicial control of delegated legislation.
委任立法的司法控制。

A validly enacted piece of delegated legislation has the same legal force and effect as the Act of Parliament. It is possible to be challenged through the procedure of judicial review, on the basis that the person or body who was delegated has acted in a way that exceeds the limited powers or failed to follow the appropriate procedure. Any provision in that way is said to be ultra vires and is void.
一个有效并且已经颁布的委任立法法案和议会法案有相同的法律效力和作用。如果被委托人的行为超出了权限，或者未经正确的流程，将通过司法复议予以质疑（这个词真不知道该如何翻译比较好）。这种越权的条文将被废止。

Additional powers have been given the courts under the Human Rights Act 1998. Section 4 of the HRA expressly states that the courts cannot declare primary legislation invalid as being contrary to the rights protected by the Act, the court can issue a declaration of incompatibility, but the decision won't be affected. But such limitation does not apply to secondary legislation, HRA is prior to delegated legislation.
人权法案（1998年）赋予了法庭附加的权利。人权法案第四章明确表示，如果主要立法侵犯了人权法案保护的权利，法院不能声明此主要立法无效，而只能发布一份不相容声明，判决也不会受任何影响。但是，这个限制并不应用在次要立法上，人权法案优先于委任立法。

此文根据ACCA新大纲Pilot Paper的第一题参考答案所写，若我的理解有误，敬请指正为谢。

Within the UK, Parliament has the sole power to make law by creating legislation. Parliament can also pass on or delegates its law making power to some other body or individual, that's delegated legislation, which is particular important in the contemporary legal context.
在大不列颠和北爱尔兰联合王国，仅有议会拥有通过立法制定法律的权利。但是议会也可以将制定法律的权利委托给其他团体或个人，这就是传说中的“委任立法”，委任立法在当代法律环境中相当重要。

The modern form of legislation tends to be of the enabling type, which simply states the general purpose and aims of the Act, rather than attempt to lay down detailed provisions directly. Then, the person or body who was delegated the power, produces the detailed provisions to achieve those general aims. The output of delegated legislation exceeds the output of Acts of Parliment, and therefore, at least statistically, delegated legislation is more significant than primary Acts of Parliament.
现代的立法模式趋向于授权型，这种模式的立法仅仅是简单地陈述法案的意图和目标，而不是直接列示详细的规定。然后，被授权的个人或团体，再制定详细的规定来达成法案的意图。委任立法的产出物的数量超过了议会法律，所以至少从统计意义上，委任立法比议会法律更有意义。

There're various types of delegated legislation:
委任立法有以下几种形式：

1, Orders in Council. They permit the government to make law through the Privy Council, without the need to go through the full parliamentary process.
枢密令。枢密令允许政府通过枢密院制定法律，而不需要经过完整的议会立法流程。

2, Statutory Instruments. Ministers introduce particular regulations under powers delegated to them by Parliament.
法令工具。内阁大臣在被议会授权的情况下引入的特别的法律规章。

3, Bye-laws. Local authorities and other public bodies can make legally binding rules under such enabling legislation as Local Government Act(1972).
条例规则。地方当局或其他公共团体根据地方政府法案（1972年）所制定的法定约束规则。

4, Court Rule Committees. These committees are empowered to make the rules governing the procedure in the court.
法院规则委员会。 这些委员会被授权制定管理法院程序的规则。

5, Professional regulations. It governs particular occupations and made by certain professional bodies.
专业条例。由特定的专业机构制定的管理特定职业的规章条例。

PS：头都大了，英语不好真的是一件麻烦的事情。休息一会儿先……